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This article was generated by AI using the original script from the podcast “Onsen & Sentou by Kaori” recorded on October 13, Sunday at 18:00.

Exploring Japan’s Onsen and Sentou Culture

Hello! Today, I’m going to share with you one of my favorite recent hobbies: visiting Japanese hot springs (onsen) and public baths (sentou). You might be thinking, “Why on earth would you talk about this?” But let me assure you, it’s far from a strange topic. Japanese onsen and sentou are entirely different from what we might be familiar with. In this post, I’ll dive into the history, cultural significance, and some interesting rules and restrictions that come with these traditions. For those curious about my personal experiences, I’ll also expand on this topic in more detail on my YouTube channel, so be sure to check that out!

To start, here’s a quick vocabulary lesson. The Japanese word for hot spring is “onsen” (温泉), while “sentou” (銭湯) refers to a public bath. I’ll be using these terms throughout. In a nutshell, the difference between them is that onsen baths use natural hot spring water and are popular for health benefits and relaxation. sentou, on the other hand, use regular tap water and are typically found in urban areas, offering a simpler public bathing experience.

onsen sentou

Table of Contents

The History of Onsen and Sentou in Japan

Let’s begin with the fascinating history behind onsen and sentou. 

The significance of purification and cleansing in Japan can be traced back to the arrival of Buddhism in the 6th century. For Buddhist monks, cleaning their bodies wasn’t just a physical act, but a spiritual one. They believed that washing before meditation was essential for mental and spiritual purity.

In fact, onsen are mentioned in historical texts dating back to the Nara period (710-794 AD), around 1,300 years ago. At that time, hot springs weren’t tourist spots but rather places known for their healing properties. Japan’s oldest history books, the Nihon Shoki and Fudoki, also reference onsens. Interestingly, these baths were not only used for health purposes but were also places where noblemen conducted official business. Bathing in onsens became a symbol of luxury and wellness among the aristocracy.

During the medieval Kamakura period (1185-1333), onsen towns like Atami, Hakone, and Kusatsu gained popularity. Samurai and monks would frequently visit these hot springs for their therapeutic benefits. There are even records from the Sengoku period (1467-1615) that mention wounded soldiers being treated in onsen.

As Japan transitioned into the Edo period (1603-1868), onsens became more accessible to the general public. They were no longer just for healing but also served as places for social interaction. Around this time, sentou culture began to flourish, especially in urbanized areas where private bathing facilities were rare. sentous weren’t just for bathing; they became social hubs where people gathered to relax and connect.

Onsen and Sentou as Social Spaces

In Japan, onsen and sentou aren’t just places to bathe—they’re integral parts of social life. These baths serve as meeting points where people come together, reinforcing social bonds. And in these spaces, everyone is equal. Why? Because everyone enters completely naked. That’s right—no bikinis, no towels, nothing. Let me explain.

When you visit an onsen or sentou, you’ll notice signs that prohibit wearing swimsuits. You’ll strip down in the changing room and bring a small towel with you. But don’t get too attached to that towel—you can’t take it into the water with you. It’s mostly used for drying off when you’re heading back to the changing area. Many people place the towel on their heads or leave it to the side. Since everyone is bathing nude, social distinctions such as status or profession fade away, emphasizing the collective over the individual.

Traditionally, families often visit onsen and sentou together, which strengthens familial ties. These visits are also popular among friends as a way to relax and chat, making it a perfect escape from the stress of daily life.

Considering the growing loneliness in Japan’s big cities, the role of sentou and onsen as social gathering places is becoming even more important. Particularly for the elderly or those living alone, sentou can serve as a key part of their daily routine, preventing social isolation.

For a society like Japan, where social pressures can be intense, I believe onsen and sentou offer an ideal way to unwind and relieve stress.

The Cultural Value of Onsen and Sentou

Onsen and sentou are more than just places to clean yourself—they hold deep cultural value in Japan. They reflect the close connection between Japanese people and nature, as well as their approach to meditation, inner peace, and social equality.

Many onsen are located in stunning natural settings—at the foot of mountains, along rivers, or by the sea. This connection to nature is an essential part of Japanese culture, and it’s particularly reinforced through rotenburo (露天風呂), or outdoor baths. Soaking in a hot spring while surrounded by nature, especially in cooler weather, is truly a one-of-a-kind experience.

Onsens and sentous also embody traditional Japanese aesthetics. The use of wood and stone in their architecture, along with intricate designs such as Mount Fuji paintings on the walls, adds an artistic touch to the bathing experience. The result is both physical and mental relaxation.

The Modern Evolution of Onsen and Sentou

Today, onsen attract not only locals but also foreign tourists. Japan boasts over 3,000 onsen locations and 27,000 hot spring sources. Thanks to Japan’s 111 active volcanoes, the country has an abundance of these natural wonders.

Many modern onsen have evolved into full-scale wellness resorts, combining traditional bathing with services like massages, aromatherapy, and healthy dining options. These extensive facilities are perfect for a day of relaxation, offering a retreat for both body and mind.

Though the rise of private bathrooms has diminished the popularity of sentou, they remain a beloved part of Japanese life. Some people still visit regularly, even if they have their own bathtubs at home.

Tattoos: A Cultural Taboo

Now, onto a point that surprises many visitors: tattoos are often banned in onsen. If you have tattoos, I highly recommend researching beforehand, as there are a few onsen that do allow entry for people with tattoos, but they are rare.

Why are tattoos banned? Historically, tattoos (known as irezumi in Japanese) have been associated with organized crime groups, particularly the yakuza. These groups often sport large, elaborate tattoos of dragons and other symbols that signify their loyalty and rank. Over time, tattoos became linked to danger and criminality, making them a source of fear and mistrust in public spaces like onsen.

Onsens are seen as places of purity, both physically and spiritually, so the presence of tattoos, which were once marks of punishment and social exclusion, is seen as a violation of that purity. Although this view is slowly changing, with some tourist-friendly onsens relaxing their rules, the ban is still widely enforced.

For those of you planning to visit Japan with a tattoo, don’t lose hope—there are some onsen that allow tattoos or offer special cover-up stickers to hide them.

And that brings us to the end of today’s post! If you ever find yourself in Japan, I highly recommend experiencing an onsen or sentou for yourself. It’s an unforgettable part of Japanese culture that combines relaxation, history, and community in a truly unique way.

Until next time!

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